[6], With the Ba'ath Party in control of the government, in 1968, Iraq demanded full control over the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud). Regular army troops, the paramilitary Revolutionary Guards and mullahs all lauded these youths, known as baseeji [Basij], for having played the most dangerous role in breaking through Iraqi lines.
Meaning of "Shatt-al-Arab" in the English dictionary - educalingo The majority of Western analysts believe that the war had no winners while some believed that Iraq emerged as the victor of the war, based on Iraq's overwhelming successes between April and July 1988. Iraqi tanks came under attack by 95 Iranian F-4 Phantom and F-5 Tiger fighter jets, destroying much of the division. The total casualty toll had grown to include 80,000 soldiers and civilians. There was rationing, but civilian projects begun before the war continued. [148] The Iranians used infiltration tactics in the Kurdish mountains, captured the town of Halabja and began to fan out across the province. It was thought that with the end of international support, the Iraqi government would negotiate with the Kurds, but the Vice-Chairman of Revolutionary Command Council, Saddam Hussein, launched a major campaign against the rebels. [97] To discourage airborne commando landings, the Iraqis also placed metal spikes and destroyed cars in areas likely to be used as troop landing zones. Hubbard, From the Gulf to Ararat (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1916); C.H.D. as a champion of Iraq. Iran replied with missile and air attacks, but not sufficiently to deter the Iraqis. [31]:119 The Soviet Union, Iraq's main arms supplier during the war, did not wish for the end of its alliance with Iraq, and was alarmed by Saddam's threats to find new arms suppliers in the West and China if the Kremlin did not provide him with the weapons he wanted. [228], By 1990, Iran was undergoing military rearmament and reorganization, and purchased $10billion worth of heavy weaponry from the USSR and China, including aircraft, tanks, and missiles. [100] In November, Saddam ordered his forces to advance towards Dezful and Ahvaz, and lay sieges to both cities. Since the range of the Scud missile was too short to reach Tehran, they converted them to al-Hussein missiles with the help of East German engineers, cutting up their Scuds into three chunks and attaching them together. [72] In addition, prisoners of war accounted for 42,875 Iranian casualties, captured and kept in Iraqi detention centres from 2.5 to more than 15 years after the war was over. [205] By 1987, draft-dodging had become a serious problem, and the Revolutionary Guards and police set up roadblocks throughout cities to capture those who tried to evade conscription. [247], At the beginning of the war, Iraq held a clear advantage in armour, while both nations were roughly equal in terms of artillery. [100], In preparation for Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas, the Iranians had launched numerous air raids against Iraq air bases, destroying 47 jets (including Iraq's brand new Mirage F-1 fighter jets from France); this gave the Iranians air superiority over the battlefield while allowing them to monitor Iraqi troop movements.
BBC NEWS | Middle East | The Iran-Iraq war: 25 years on [citation needed] This operation incited Iraq to later conduct indiscriminate chemical attacks against the Kurds. [100], Of Iraq's six divisions that invaded by ground, four were sent to Khuzestan, which was located near the border's southern end, to cut off the Shatt al-Arab[note 6] from the rest of Iran and to establish a territorial security zone. However, Iran had the world's fifth-largest military at the time and promptly defeated the Iraqi military with its air power, while continuing to frustrate the Iraqis domestically with its arming of Kurdish separatists alongside its erstwhile close allies: the United States and Israel. Approximately 40 percent
proceding to Iranian ports to fly the Iranian flag, the right to use the port
Due to the power of anti-tank weapons such as the RPG-7, armored manoeuvre by the Iraqis was very costly, and they consequently entrenched their tanks into static positions.[97][120]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Palgrave Political & Intern. Tensions grew between the two countries in the 1920s, and in 1937 Iran and Iraq agreed under British auspices to a frontier treaty that set a new boundary--the eastern bank of the river--except for the last four miles, where it would be in the center of the river. The American government claimed that Vincennes was in international waters at the time (which was later proven to be untrue), that the Airbus A300 had been mistaken for an Iranian F-14 Tomcat, and that Vincennes feared that she was under attack. [153] During the whole of Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas, 33,000 Iraqi soldiers were captured by the Iranians. According to a 2002 article in the Star-Ledger, 20,000 Iranian soldiers were killed on the spot by nerve gas. This would become known as the "War of the Cities". [167] To foreign observers, it appeared that Iran was continuing to strengthen. Iran started with a stronger air force, but over time, the balance of power reversed in Iraq's favour (as Iraq was constantly expanding its military, while Iran was under arms sanctions). More than 300 Iraqi Army officers were executed for their failures on the battlefield. These "hunter-killer" teams of helicopters, which had been formed with the help of East German advisors, proved to be very costly for the Iranians. Total sales of U.S. dual-use technology to Iraq are estimated at $500 million. "Irano-Irakskii konflikt. [116], In Iran, severe officer purges (including numerous executions ordered by Sadegh Khalkhali, the new Revolutionary Court judge), and shortages of spare parts for Iran's American and British-made equipment had crippled Iran's once-mighty military. Certain analysts believe that Iraq won, on the basis of the successes of their 1988 offensives which thwarted Iran's major territorial ambitions in Iraq and persuaded Iran to accept the ceasefire. [146], During the Fateh offensive in February 1987, I toured the southwest front on the Iranian side and saw scores of boys, aged anywhere from nine to sixteen, who said with staggering and seemingly genuine enthusiasm that they had volunteered to become martyrs. 'Swift River' [3]) is a river of some 200 kilometres (120 mi) in length that is formed at the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The concentration of forces did not resemble a traditional military buildup, and although the Iraqis detected a population buildup near the front, they failed to realize that this was an attacking force. ships under Iranian flag down the Shatt without licensed pilots. [97] Nevertheless, the Iranians took many losses as well, especially among the Basij. [210], On 17 April 1988, Iraq launched Operation Ramadan Mubarak (Blessed Ramadan), a surprise attack against the 15,000 Basij troops on the al-Faw peninsula. The boundary
[citation needed], In the course of escorts by the U.S. Navy, the cruiser USSVincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988, killing all 290 passengers and crew on board. Approximate boundary
of Iran's dry-cargo trade passes through the port of Khorramshahr,-and all of
[4] By 1974, there remained unresolved problems between the government and the Kurds about the oil resources of the Kurdish regions of Iraq. It was concentrated around the Shatt al-Arab,[Note 1] a river in Western Asia that partly flows along the IranIraq border. The Basij attacked the Iraqi lines, forcing the Iraqi infantry to retreat. [100] The Iraqi troops had entrenched themselves in formidable defenses, and had set up a network of bunkers and artillery positions. The IranIraq War was the first conflict in the history of warfare in which both forces used ballistic missiles against each other. 20836. In addition, they abandoned their attempted control of Iranian airspace. Resolution of the present controversy rests upon the acceptance by Iran
The depleted tank forces were replenished with more Soviet and Chinese tanks, and the Iraqis were reinvigorated in the face of the coming Iranian onslaught. In the north, Iraq also launched an attack into Iraqi Kurdistan, which was blunted by the Iranians. [173] The Iranians attempted to further exploit activities in the north on 30 July 1983, during Operation Dawn-3. . [100] Khomeini's statement was widely received as a call to overthrow the Gulf monarchies. These secret sales were partly to help secure the release of hostages held in Lebanon, and partly to make money to help the Contras rebel group in Nicaragua. 9, ser. [148] At least a dozen other high-ranking officers were also executed during this time. claims, accusations, incidents, and troop movements lies Iran~s fear of the
For greater detail see Richard Schofield, Interpreting a Vague River Boundary Delimitation: The 1847 Erzurum Treaty and the Shatt al-Arab before 1913, in The Boundaries of Modern Iran, ed. Some of its equipment, such as tanks, outnumbered Iran's by at least five to one. On average, Iraq imported about $7 billion in weapons during every year of the war, accounting for fully 12% of global arms sales in the period. the thalweg opposite Khorramshahr was established by the Treaty of 1847. [180] Iranian ground air defense still shot down many Iraqi aircraft. ~ downstream from Fao, Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. [147] Instead, the Iranian tactics consisted of using groups of 22-man infantry squads, which moved forward to attack specific objectives. Iran and Iraq share many common interests, as they share a common enemy in the Islamic State. [305] One Mi-25 was also downed by an Iranian F-14A Tomcat. [167], By the end of 1987, Iraq possessed 5,550 tanks (outnumbering the Iranians six to one) and 900 fighter aircraft (outnumbering the Iranians ten to one). In Between", "Reflecting on the IranIraq War, Thirty Years Later", " "" / " " - | | Mehr News Agency", Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014), Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), 20182019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament), Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO), Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO), Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraq Region, Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih), Interests Section of Iran in the United States, Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz, Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. 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[306] Both sides, especially Iraq, also carried out air and missile attacks against population centres. Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1999), pp. Shortly afterwards, Iraqi aircraft bombed the Iranian town of Oshnavieh with poison gas, immediately killing and wounding over 2,000 civilians. By 1986, Iran also expanded their air defense network heavily to relieve the pressure on the air force. [100] Combatants came so close to one another that Iranians were able to board Iraqi tanks and throw grenades inside the hulls. Iran was effectively waging a naval guerilla war with its IRGC navy speedboats, while Iraq attacked with its aircraft. [citation needed], At the same time, the Soviet Union, angered with Iran for purging and destroying the communist Tudeh Party, sent large shipments of weapons to Iraq. However, the Iraqi offensive had been badly damaged by Iranian militias and air power. In just the first day of the battle, the Iranians lost 196 tanks. These losses included more than 570 of the 1,000 remaining Iranian tanks, over 430 armored vehicles, 45 self-propelled artillery, 300 towed artillery pieces, and 320 antiaircraft guns. [132] Iraqi tanks launched attacks with no infantry support, and many tanks were lost to Iranian anti-tank teams. Less than six years after signing the treaty, on 17 September 1980, Iraq abrogated the treaty following a series of border clashes between the two countries and launched a full-scale invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980. Copy No. Both countries agreed to being good neighbors. In a commentary Aug. 9, the English-language Tehran Times remarked: All negotiations now intended to be held under the aegis of the U.N. secretary general will undoubtedly have to take the Algiers accord as a reference point. Iran carried out several airstrikes and missile attacks against Mujahedeen targets inside of Iraq (the largest taking place in 2001, when Iran fired 56 Scud missiles at Mujahedeen targets). [126]:263[clarification needed] Though Iraq had previously been hostile towards other Gulf states, "the threat of Persian fundamentalism was far more feared. Saddam Hussein even visited Khorramshahr in a dramatic gesture, swearing that the city would never be relinquished. Between the Persian Gulf and a point a few
The Iraqgate scandal revealed that a branch of Italy's largest bank, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), in Atlanta, Georgia, relied partially on U.S. taxpayer-guaranteed loans to funnel $5billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989. Ruhollah Khomeini(Supreme Leader of Iran), Start of war:[53][54] beyond the formal provisions contained in the 1937 treaty. [264] However, Libya then distanced itself from Iran from 1987, criticizing Tehran's attitude and restoring diplomatic relations with Iraq.[10][11].
Iran-Iraq relations - Wikipedia Instead, they would launch Scud missiles, which the Iranians could not stop. Page ranges in books should be specific, although circumstances may warrant citing a whole chapter or a larger range. They then launched a pincer attack using mechanized infantry and heavy artillery. While the attacks themselves were not as destructive as some analysts believed, the U.S.-led Operation Earnest Will (which protected Iraqi and allied oil tankers, but not Iranian ones) led many neutral countries to stop trading with Iran because of rising insurance and fear of air attack. [120][130], After the Iraqi offensive stalled in March 1981, there was little change in the front other than Iran retaking the high ground above Susangerd in May. [126]:260, In addition, Iran's military power was weakened once again by large purges in 1982, resulting from another supposedly attempted coup. Iraq responded by launching another "war of the cities". pride. Iran later reverse-engineered and produced those weapons themselves. At the same time as Operation Karbala 5, Iran also launched Operation Karbala-6 against the Iraqis in Qasr-e Shirin in central Iran to prevent the Iraqis from rapidly transferring units down to defend against the Karbala-5 attack. [262] According to the Financial Times, Hewlett-Packard, Tektronix, and Matrix Churchill's branch in Ohio were among the companies shipping militarily useful technology to Iraq under the eye of the U.S. government. From this point the frontier shall follow the course of the Shatt- Iraq's strategy changed from holding territory in Iran to denying Iran any major gains in Iraq (as well as holding onto disputed territories along the border). The IranIraq War followed a long-running history of territorial border disputes between the two states, as a result of which Iraq planned to retake the eastern bank of the Shatt al-Arab that it had ceded to Iran in the 1975 Algiers Agreement. Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout. [144] On 15 October, after breaking the siege, a large Iranian convoy was ambushed by Iraqi tanks, and during the ensuing tank battle Iran lost 20 Chieftains and other armored vehicles and withdrew from the previously gained territory. [100] Saddam also began implementing a policy of discrimination against Iraqis of Iranian origin. [218], The last notable combat actions of the war took place on 3 August 1988, in the Persian Gulf when the Iranian navy fired on a freighter and Iraq launched chemical attacks on Iranian civilians, killing an unknown number of them and wounding 2,300. However, the defeat at al-Faw led Saddam to declare the war to be Al-Defa al-Mutaharakha (The Dynamic Defense),[97][pageneeded] and announcing that all civilians had to take part in the war effort. Saddam and the Iraqi high command decided on a two-pronged offensive across the border into central Iran and Iranian Kurdistan.
4 (Winter 1993), pp.
PDF DEPARTMENT OF STATE Intelligence Note [100] 141 Iranians were killed during the battle.[137]. [97] Prior to the attack, Iranian commandos on helicopters had landed behind Iraqi lines and destroyed Iraqi artillery. [173], The Iranians suffered a large number of casualties clearing minefields and breaching Iraqi anti-tank mines, which Iraqi engineers were unable to replace.
Iran-Iraq War - Wikipedia [266], American support for Ba'athist Iraq during the IranIraq War, in which it fought against post-revolutionary Iran, included several billion dollars' worth of economic aid, the sale of dual-use technology, non-U.S. origin weaponry, military intelligence, and special operations training. [128][dubious discuss], The Iranian regular military, police forces, volunteer Basij, and Revolutionary Guards all conducted their operations separately; thus, the Iraqi invading forces did not face coordinated resistance. [97][pageneeded] Iraq's defeats at al-Faw and at Mehran were severe blows to the prestige of the Iraqi regime, and western powers, including the US, became more determined to prevent an Iraqi loss. The battle had been ordered by Iranian president Abulhassan Banisadr, who was hoping that a victory might shore up his deteriorating political position; instead, the failure hastened his fall. The Iranians increased recruitment efforts, obtaining 650,000 volunteers. Both the United States and West Germany sold Iraq dual-use pesticides and poisons that would be used to create chemical weapons[157] and other weapons, such as Roland missiles. The Iranians hit the Iraqis with destructive air strikes and massive artillery barrages, crossed the Karun River, captured bridgeheads, and launched human wave attacks towards the city. Richard Schofield, ed., The Iran-Iraq Border, 18401958, 11 vols. 793 and 794, the transmission or
Wheels Of The Shatt Al-arab River - Basra - Iraq . [98]:2 Foreign analysts agreed that both Iran and Iraq failed to use their modern equipment properly, and both sides failed to carry out modern military assaults that could win the war. Iraq also expelled all Iranians from Iraq. [97], On 7 February 1984, during the first war of the cities, Saddam ordered his air force to attack eleven Iranian cities;[100] bombardments ceased on 22 February 1984. The decommissioning of Osirak has been cited as causing a substantial delay to Iraqi acquisition of nuclear weapons.[300][301][302][303][304]). [citation needed], The war had its impact on medical science: a surgical intervention for comatose patients with penetrating brain injuries was created by Iranian physicians treating wounded soldiers, later establishing neurosurgery guidelines to treat civilians who had suffered blunt or penetrating skull injuries. They were primarily used in observation, being used for up to 700 sorties. Its Chronology, running from 1946 through 2020, is a valuable resource for scholars and students. Iran lacked both cohesive leadership and spare parts for their American and British-made equipment. [105] Prisoners taken by both countries began to be released in 1990, though some were not released until more than 10 years after the end of the conflict. On 13 June 1975, another treaty was signed in Baghdad by Iraq's and Iran's foreign ministers. [240], To secure the loyalty of the Shia population, Saddam allowed more Shias into the Ba'ath Party and the government, and improved Shia living standards, which had been lower than those of the Iraqi Sunnis. ( ), United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017present), territorial border disputes between the two states, United Nations Security Council Resolution 514, use of weapons of mass destruction by Iraqi forces on Iranian soldiers and civilians, state-sanctioned glorification of martyrdom among Iranian children, Iraqi invasion of Iran Border conflicts, Anglo-Ottoman Convention of Constantinople, 22 September 1980 Iraqi airstrike on Iran, Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, International aid to combatants in the IranIraq War, chemical and biological warfare related technology, French support for Iraq during the IranIraq War, Italian support for Iraq during the IranIraq war, Among the other arms suppliers and supporters, United States support for Iraq during the IranIraq War, Oil Platforms case (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners, List of Iranian commanders in the IranIraq War, A City Under Siege: Tales of the Iran-Iraq War, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, "Memoires of Afghan volunteers in Iran-Iraq war published (tehrantimes.com)", "Iraq Breaks Ties with Libya over Support for Iran", "La Libye " rquilibre" sa position au profit de l'Irak", "La guerre du Golfe Le colonel Kadhafi critique la France et l'Iran", "Iran-Pakistan Relations: Political and Strategic Dimensions", "Sudanese Brigades Could Provide Key Aid for Iraq; Military Analysis", "Iraq-Iran war becoming Arab-Persian war? American official ambiguity towards which side to support was summed up by Henry Kissinger when he remarked, "It's a pity they both can't lose.
Despite renewed and somewhat thawed relations, both sides continued to have low level conflicts. "[97], During the 1988 battles, the Iranians put up little resistance, having been worn out by nearly eight years of war. [173] They also created and fielded their own homemade drones, the Mohajer 1's, fitted with six RPG-7's to launch attacks. While the United States directly fought Iran, citing freedom of navigation as a major casus belli, it also indirectly supplied some weapons to Iran as part of a complex and illegal programme that became known as the IranContra affair. They recruited POWs, dissidents, exiles, and Shias to join the Badr Brigade, the military wing of the organisation. Saddam then offered the Iranians to exchange Mehran for al-Faw. By 1986, Iraq had twice as many soldiers as Iran. It has been customary for vessels to fly the Iraqi flag
Shortly afterwards, Iran sent a delegation of diplomats to Iraq in 1969, and when the erstwhile Iraqi government refused to proceed with negotiations over a new treaty, Iran withdrew the treaty of 1937. 3 (1988), pp. The Iraqis launched a counter-attack using their 12th Armoured division to break the encirclement and rescue the surrounded divisions. 22 (1968), pp. After Iran took control of four islands in the Persian Gulf, diplomatic relations between Baghdad and Tehran deteriorated markedly. [132] The Iranians flooded the marsh areas around the city, forcing the Iraqis to traverse through narrow strips of land. Unavailable. Iraqi air campaigns met little opposition, striking over half of Iran, as the Iraqis were able to gain air superiority towards the end of the war. [154] During Operation Muslim ibn Aqil (17 October),[note 8] Iran recovered 150km2 (58sqmi) of disputed territory straddling the international border and reached the outskirts of Mandali before being stopped by Iraqi helicopter and armoured attacks. from Abadan.. The.-short sector of. [7] On 19 April 1969, Iran withdrew from the 1937 agreement, which had been signed between Iraq and Iran to resolve border problems, arguing that Iraq interfered with Iranian boats in the Shatt al-Arab. [120] When faced against large Iranian attack, where human waves would overrun Iraq's forward entrenched infantry defences, the Iraqis would often retreat, but their static defences would bleed the Iranians and channel them into certain directions, drawing them into traps or pockets.
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