what is endostyle in zoology

The identification of monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine and thyroxine in extracts of the endostyle of the ascidian, Barrington, E.J.W. This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) 15H02416, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a Proposed Research Area) 17H06385, and a Naito Grant for the Promotion of Focused Research (The Naito Foundation) to SK; Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows 15J08671 and a Special Postdoctoral Researcher Program of RIKEN to WT; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 19K06794 to FS, Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan, Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan, Wataru Takagi,Fumiaki Sugahara,Juan Pascual-Anaya&Shigeru Kuratani, Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan, Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan, Shinnosuke Higuchi,Rie Kusakabe,Iori Sato&Shigeru Kuratani, Present Address: Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mlaga, Mlaga, Spain, Present Address: Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Mlaga, Spain, Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan, Laboratory Research Support Section, Center for Cooperative Research Promotion, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, 889-2192, Japan, Aix-Marseille Universit, IBDM, CNRS UMR 7288, Marseille, France, Present address: Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan, You can also search for this author in V, W, X schematic of the Nkx2-1/2-4 expressing domain (colored red) in hagfish, lamprey, and catshark embryos when the expression of Nkx2-1/2-4 first detected in this study (stages 45, 23, and 24, respectively). Cell shape, spatial patterns of cilia, and mucus-net construction in the ascidian endostyle. The food particles suspended in the water adhere to the mucus it produces. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1B). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The primers for qRT-PCR were designed utilizing the NCBI primer design tool (, OSGs in the endostyle were aligned against the zebrafish (, The transcriptional matrix of the endostyle and pharynx, gill, head kidney, and thymus were compared manually with the Venny online interactive tool (, Human tissue-enriched genes were obtained from the protein atlas (, The endostyle in the ascidian is longitudinally extended on the dorsal pharyngeal wall (, To comprehensively uncover the function of the endostyle, bulk RNA sequencing on the endostyle was conducted. Zoology (/ z o l d i /) is the scientific study of animals. Love, M.I. Three biological replicons were collected for RNA extraction and sequencing. Nature. Fertilized eggs of Arctic lamprey (L. camtschaticum) were obtained via artificial fertilization, and the embryos were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Azumi, K.; De Santis, R.; De Tomaso, A.; Rigoutsos, I.; Yoshizaki, F.; Pinto, M.R. Since the ventral pharynx of the hagfish embryo is rostroventrally everted in early development, the position of the hagfish thyroid anlage is difficult to identify based on the level of the pharyngeal arches [10]. Kinds of immune effector cells with certain markers were defined in the endostyle and subendostylar region bathed with circulatory cells. CAS Secrecy, according to sociologist Edward Shils, (19111995) is a form of concealment reinforced by sanctions against disclosure, apocrine gland A type of gland in which the apical part, from which the secretion is released, breaks down during the secretion process. Thomas, I.M. Rhr H. The circulatory system of amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas)): a light-microscopic investigation based on intravascular injection technique. END, endostyle; THY, thyroid. S4M-P). ." ; Aszdi, A.; Kiss, I. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Interestingly, in this result, except for the generally acknowledged thyroid and digestive-related tissue (stomach and salivary), the parathyroid was reported for the first time as a highly similar organ, which needs further research and evidence in supporting the possible evolutionary lineage. Acta Zool. and A.J. [17] and is presented at different angles. Gorbman A. Hagfish development. Ascidian Homologs of Mammalian Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 - BioOne [3] The filtered water is expelled through the gill slits, while the food and mucus is then passed, by the sweeping movement of cilia that coats the endostyle, through the pharynx of the organism and into the esophagus. There are no histochemical reactions regarding type 2a and 2b cells in recent studies. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Tissue-based map of the human proteome. The area surrounded by dashed lines indicates thyroid primordium. Endostyle Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster A Dictionary of Biology. 2AC), which is considerably earlier than the stage wherein the trough-like structure was observed by Stockard (at stage 53) [15]. Nkx2-1 is focally expressed in the laryngotracheal diverticulum, in addition to the thyroid primordium; the laryngotracheal diverticulum is situated in the most caudal part of the pharynx during early development in mammals and birds [29, 30]. ; supervision: B.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. In the present study, we found that both gnathostomes and hagfish directly developed a thyroid. In the context of thyroid evolution, the lack of a larval phase in stem lampreys suggests an alternative hypothesis, namely, that the primitive endostyle (which is retained in modern non-vertebrate chordates) was lost in the LCA of vertebrates, and the endostyle present in modern lampreys represents secondary acquisition. Danecek, P.; Bonfield, J.K.; Liddle, J.; Marshall, J.; Ohan, V.; Pollard, M.O. Ota KG, Kuraku S, Kuratani S. Hagfish embryology with reference to the evolution of the neural crest. ; Zon, L.I. The endostyle is a grooved organ partially encircled by ciliated epithelia tissue and longitudinally extended through the ventral wall of the pharynx [, Besides the mucus secretion for food particle packaging and digestion, research has shown certain epithelial cell clusters are capable of concentrating iodine [, During the process of individual development, the endostyle is generally believed to be originated from the endoderm [, As the particularity and novelty of the endostyle are possessed only by non-vertebrate chordates and ammocoete in Cyclostomata, the evolutionary status of the endostyle has long been discussed along with the origin of the thyroid organ. ; et al. B, B Sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin. 4C). Gillotay, P.; Shankar, M.; Haerlingen, B.; Sema Elif, E.; Pozo-Morales, M.; Garteizgogeascoa, I.; Reinhardt, S.; Krnkel, A.; Blsche, J.; Petzold, A.; et al. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Zone 4 is nearly the same as the dorsal glandular tract. A general account of myxinoid development from the egg and segmentation to hatching. Sugahara F, Pascual-Anaya J, Oisi Y, Kuraku S, Aota S-I, Adachi N, et al. Hiruta, J.; Mazet, F.; Yasui, K.; Zhang, P.; Ogasawara, M. Comparative expression analysis of transcription factor genes in the endostyle of invertebrate chordates. BMC Biology What Does a Zoologist Do? Recent research has concluded that cephalochordate and tunicate endostyles have the ability to capture iodine, thus further perpetuating new research. Reconstructed images were obtained using Avizo software, version 9.4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Google Scholar. As nouns the difference between endostyle and eurostyle is that endostyle is (zoology) a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles, found in urochordates and cephalochordates and in the larvae of lampreys while eurostyle is european style. Genomic analysis of immunity in a Urochordate and the emergence of the vertebrate immune system: waiting for Godot. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Matsumoto A, Ishii S. Atlas of endocrine organs: vertebrates and invertebrates. WT, FS, SH1, and JP-A obtained the hagfish embryos. Considering the direct development (without metamorphosis) of stem lampreys [35], our findings further raise the possibility that the endostyle was acquired secondarily in crown lampreys. ; Ltke, S.; Kleinridders, A.; Brning, J.C.; Eming, S.A.; Sengle, G.; et al. The HE staining was accomplished following the procedure of the Modified Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) Stain Kit from Solarbio (G1121). It has two semi-circular lips enclosing an aperture which leads into an oesophagus. Tahara Y. Book Ballard WW, Mellinger J, Lechenault H. A series of normal stages for development of Scyliorhinus canicula, the lesser spotted dogfish (Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinidae). Meanwhile, as opposed to gnathostomes but similar to non-vertebrate chordates, lamprey and hagfish share a broad expression domain of Nkx2-1/2-4, a key regulatory gene, in the pharyngeal epithelium during early developmental stages. Dev Dyn. Sakiyama J, Yamagishi A, Kuroiwa A. Tbx4-Fgf10 system controls lung bud formation during chicken embryonic development. The reason for the multitude of studies garnering different results could be the trapping of iodine in the more ciliated zones, instead of the trapping and breakdown of iodine materials. 1 Jul. 2021;591:40812. ; Moiseeva, E.; Rinkevich, B.; et al. Ota and O. Kakitani for the sample collection of hagfish; K. Shirato for the sample collection of catshark; H. Nagashima, N. Sato, and S. Yanai for the sample collection of lamprey; T. Onai for the sample collection of Amphioxus; T. Hirasawa for technical advice; M.K.S. Furthermore, to compare molecular developmental signatures between the development of thyroids in hagfish and gnathostome and that of the endostyle in lamprey, we examined expression profiles of orthologs of the abovementioned thyroid transcription factor genes (Nkx2-1, Pax8, and Hhex) during the development of E. burgeri, the cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame), and the Arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum). The endostyle is the postulated evolutionary precursor of the vertebrate thyroid, occurring in filter-feeding non-vertebrate chordates in an anatomical position similar to that of the thyroid [8,9,10] (Additional file 1: Fig. Nat Ecol Evol. Sugahara F, Murakami Y, Kuratani S. Gene expression analysis of lamprey embryos. 1 for other abbreviations. Normal stages of development in the lamprey, Lampetra reissneri (Dybowski). [4], Zone 6 forms the lateral edge of the endostyle groove and is very distinct from the bands of previous zones, after undergoing the paraldehyde fuchsin procedure, small cytoplasmic granulation is seen. In situ hybridization methods. ; Bergman, A.; Cepko, C.; Erwin, D.H.; Pavlicev, M.; Schlosser, G.; Widder, S.; Laubichler, M.D. Evidence for a mammalian thyroglobulin in endostyle of the ascidian. Thyroid and endostyle development in cyclostomes provides new insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrates, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01282-7, https://transcriptome.riken.jp/squalomix/, http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/phyml/download.php, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Under this sample-collecting strategy, the general expression profile of the endostyle samples was similar (. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Zoologists study animals and their interactions with ecosystems. The thyroid gland is a major endocrine organ that produces and secretes thyroid hormones (i.e., triiodothyronine and thyroxine) in all vertebrates. A, D, G, K, L, S, T Filled and open arrowheads indicate the presence and absence of signals, respectively. Welcker, D.; Stein, C.; Feitosa, N.M.; Armistead, J.; Zhang, J.L. Zoology - Wikipedia Google Scholar. For DEG filtered in the middle part of the endostyle, only two genes were concluded, which may reflect that most genes have longitudinal even expression trends or transiting expression patterns across longitudinal levels under the current sample collecting strategy. Development. Fig. S5. Because of the large number of ribonucleoproteins in the gland cells, the synthesis of protein and a protein material rich in -SS and -SH bridges. The endostyle is also found in the filter-feeding ammocoete larvae of modern lampreys, and a portion of the epithelial cells of the ammocoete endostyle re-differentiates and transforms into thyroid follicles during metamorphosis [14] (Fig. Sugahara F, Murakami Y, Adachi N, Kuratani S. Evolution of the regionalization and patterning of the vertebrate telencephalon: what can we learn from cyclostomes? PubMed Central PubMedGoogle Scholar. See Figs. The life histories of hagfish and lamprey differ conspicuously. Electron-microscopic studies of iodine-binding and peroxidase activity in the endostyle of the larval amphioxus (. Comparative analysis of the mouse and human genes (Matn2 and MATN2) for matrilin-2, a filament-forming protein widely distributed in extracellular matrices. ; Park, C.; Bennett, C.; Salzberg, S.L. Thyroid development in catshark. Origin and early evolution of the vertebrates: New insights from advances in molecular biology, anatomy, and palaeontology. PubMed The endostyle is a longitudinal, ciliated, grooved organ on the ventral wall of the pharynx that secretes mucoproteins into the alimentary canal for filter feeding (Fig. Research on ascidian, By comparing multi-organ within-species and cross-species organ transcriptional profiles, the endostyle was defined as having a high similarity to other vertebrate tissue [, Here, we utilized the bulk RNA sequencing data on the endostyle in ascidian, To visualize morphological features of the endostyle cross-section, a cryosection preparation and staining technique was carried out on the endostyle sample. Article 4A). endostyle - Wiktionary Anat Anz. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for The tunicate endostyle, a structure homologous of the vertebrate thyroid, is a ventral U-shaped organ made by folds of the pharyngeal epithelium that secretes mucus for filter feeding . 3S). Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely For the ascidian in this research, the organ or tissue with the homolog function to the gill is the pharyngeal sac, which possesses rows of gill slits dominating the major volume serving the water-filtering process. Shu DG, Morris SC, Han J, Zhang ZF, Yasui K, Janvier P, et al. 4C). In 1906, Stockard reported that the thyroid gland in hagfish, the sister cyclostome group of lampreys, develops through an endostyle-like primordium, strongly supporting the plesiomorphy of the lamprey endostyle. Furthermore, gene expression profiles in the endostyle of metamorphosing lampreys may also provide insights into the mechanisms of how the thyroid GRN is induced during the development. . future research directions and describes possible research applications. S2A-D). Whole-mount in situ hybridization of lamprey embryos from stages 23 to 26 (n = 8 biological replicates) and shark embryos at stage 24 (n = 3 biological replicates) was performed according to Kusakabe et al. Thus, numerous investigations into the endostyle ensued, only for the theory to be denied by future researchers. [4]. According to the classical scenario, the independent nature of the GRN of the primitive endostyle from the thyroid gland may have enabled the loss of its morphology without influencing thyroid development in the respective ancestors of gnathostomes, hagfishes, and possibly some stem lampreys (Fig. Article Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. What is the function of endostyle and urostyle? - Answers Marine D. The metamorphosis of the endostyle (thyroid gland) of ammocoetes branchialis (larval land-locked Petromyzon marinus (Jordan) or Petromyzon dorsatus (Wilder)). 3J and Additional file 1: Fig. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Mallatt J, Sullivan J. Oisi Y, Fujimoto S, Ota KG, Kuratani S. On the peculiar morphology and development of the hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and hypobranchial muscles in the hagfish. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/endostyle-0, "endostyle CAS Acquisition of the follicular thyroid gland enables the efficient uptake and storage of iodine, which is notoriously scarce in freshwater environments, likely contributing to the early radiation of aquatic vertebrates [8]. [4], Dorsal cylinder cells are identified by irregular strands between nuclei and the middle of the gland cylinder. Neither of the above glandular regions are involved in iodine metabolism. All extant non-vertebrate chordates are microphagous suspension feeders that secrete mucus from the endostyle to capture small particles, such as phytoplankton or detritus. S4H, L, P), which were consistent with the previous studies [25, 31], but the expression of Pax2/5/8A and Hhex did not extend to the entire endostyle anlage in cross-sectional view (Fig. "endostyle However, the date of retrieval is often important. In the Urochordate and Cephalochordate animals the ventral side of the pharyhx wilI contains endostyle. The presence of this structure, which was described as a rudiment of the endostyle almost a century later [10], and the broad pharyngeal origin of hagfish thyroid follicles would be consistent with the classical assumption that considers the endostyle a plesiomorphic trait retained in cyclostomes (Fig. A Dictionary of Zoology. 2003;421:5269. PubMed Current Knowledge on Stem Cells in Ascidians. Meanwhile, according to the alternative hypothesis, the fossil lamprey (Mesomyzon mengae) from the early Cretaceous has an ammocoete larval phase [39], suggesting that the endostyle in the modern lamprey lineage was likely acquired after the Palaeozoic. The cytoplasm in Zone 4 contains large amounts of pyroninophile material. Correspondence to Cookies policy. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Jena: Gustav Fischer; 1899. p. 22076. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. The hybridized lamprey embryos were fixed again and embedded in a mixture of 7.5% fish gelatin (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) and 1.5% agarose (Nippon Gene); 40-m-thick sections were obtained using a vibratome (LinearSlicer PRO7; Dosaka EM, Kyoto, Japan). Secretion accumulation and secretion may also accumulate in Zone 5. S2H-I). Privacy [4], Zone 3 is classified by narrow ciliated bands nestled between glandular zones. Bars, 1 mm (B, E, H) and 200 m (B, E, H). [3][4], The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocoetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates due to its iodine-concentrating activity. [48] and Sugahara et al. endostyle ( plural endostyles ) English Wikipedia has an article on: endostyle. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The distributions of thyroid-related genes including Pax2/5/8 and Nkx2-1/2-4 orthologs in adult amphioxi and tunicates similarly do not extend to the entire endostyle in cross-sectional view. WT, FS, SH1, RK, JP-A, IS, YO, NO, HM, NA, SH2, and SK discussed the results and contributed to the final version of the manuscript. ; RNA sequence data analysis: A.J. 2021-0032-0027). Although the plesiomorphy of lamprey endostyle remains elusive, we conclude that the spatiotemporal decoupling of these modules allowed the loss of the primitive endostyle in the vertebrate evolution. Staging of cyclostome and catshark embryos used in this study. A Acquisition of the primitive endostyle, which originated from the pharyngeal endoderm with broad expression of Nkx2-1/2-4 and subordinate endostyle GRN. 2009;312:82740. The collection of hagfish embryos prepared by Bashford Dean, which was subsequently used in Stockards histological studies, showed a frequent distortion of embryonic tissues [24, 25]. See Fig. 3B, C, E, F, H, I), which is similar to the expression patterns observed in gnathostomes [19, 20] (Additional file 1: Fig. Encyclopedia.com. Bars, 200 m. Stockard CR. Evidence from cyclostomes for complex regionalization of the ancestral vertebrate brain. D In the LCA of modern lampreys, an atavistic endostyle is secondarily acquired by recruiting a similar developmental module to form the endostyle. [4], Ventral cylinder cells are in contrast to dorsal cylinder cells and are less characterized by basophile strands and are never phyroninophile. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation reveals distinct developmental pathways regulating lung-versus thyroid-lineage specification. It is an organ which assists chordates in filter-feeding. S3F-J). Since the endostyle is found in all three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. Expression patterns of cyclostome- and lamprey-specific paralogues. A Dictionary of Biology. ), and fauna (birds, reptiles, mammals, etc. Zoologists are interested in them because they provide evolutionary insight into the origins of vertebrates. 4). 2023 . The endostyle is a special organ in the pharynx of urochordates, cephalochordates and cyclostomes. Fong, P. Thyroid iodide efflux: A team effort? Northcutt RG, Gans C. The genesis of neural crest and epidermal placodes: a reinterpretation of vertebrate origins. . ; Hamm, H.E. The presence of iodine collection and breakdown promoted the function of the endostyle as a precursor to the thyroid.[4]. 2017;144:212340. For example, the Nkx2-1/2-4 ortholog is not expressed in the thyroid-equivalent elements in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, and the Pax2/5/8 ortholog is not expressed in part of the supporting elements in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma belcheri [12]. The developmental pattern of the hagfish thyroid, including histological features and regulatory gene expression profiles, closely resembles that found in modern jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). Hemicentin-1 is an essential extracellular matrix component of the dermal-epidermal and myotendinous junctions. ; Lindskog, C.; Oksvold, P.; Mardinoglu, A.; Sivertsson, .; Kampf, C.; Sjstedt, E.; Asplund, A.; et al. Zone 3 contains a granulated apical border. Eptatretus atami hatchling was sampled and fixed as described previously [41] (Additional file 1: Fig. There are no cilia in Zone 11 and the cells have a unique cytoplasm. Google Scholar. To describe the expression profile and the potential functions, bulk RNA sequencing on the endostyle in ascidian, The endostyle is a specialized pharyngeal organ existing in evolutionary transitional groups between invertebrates and vertebrates, including urochordates, cephalochordates, and ammocoete in Cyclostomata. Contradictory to that study, other studies have instead pointed toward Zone 7 as the iodination center, whereas other studies have leaned toward the iodine center in Zone 8. Although the presence of a rudimentary endostyle in these stem lampreys cannot be ruled out, these observations cast doubt on the prevailing view that the ammocoete larva best resembles the earliest vertebrates [36, 37]. Previous research has concluded the presence of an iodination center in some Zone 5 cells, which contain a multitude of substances. The plasmids containing lamprey Nkx2-1/2-4 paralogues (Nkx2-1/2-4A, B, C) generated in a previous study were used for probe synthesis [25]. Endostyle in Amphioxus - Bioscience WT, FS, SH1, RK, JP-A, IS, YO, NO, HM, and NA performed experiments. Nevertheless, this thyroid anlage arose from a focal region of the pharyngeal floor slightly posterior to the root of the lower lip anlage and did not extend throughout the entire gill region as previously reported [15] (Fig. MICHAEL ALLABY "endostyle Eptatretus burgeri embryos were obtained as per a previous protocol [24, 40] and fixed as described previously [17, 25, 41]. . Subsequently, Nkx2-1/2-4, Pax2/5/8, and Hhex were organized in a colocalized expression domain, thereby establishing an interactive GRN to produce thyroid follicles in the earliest vertebrates (Fig. Gene evolution and gene expression after whole genome duplication in fish: The PhyloFish database. ; Vizzini, A.; Parrinello, N.; Cammarata, M. Voskoboynik, A.; Soen, Y.; Rinkevich, Y.; Rosner, A.; Ueno, H.; Reshef, R.; Ishizuka, K.J. The accumulation of radioactive iodine by Amphioxus. The expression of Nkx2-1/2-4, Pax2/5/8, and Hhex [32] orthologs in the endostyle of chordates, including the modern lampreys, may be responsible for thyroidal functions but not for its development. The genetic basis of developmental mechanisms underlying endostyle formation remains largely unknown, and comparative single-cell transcriptomic analyses of the developing endostyles of non-vertebrate chordates and larval lampreys may elucidate similarities and differences in the GRN involved in morphogenesis. ; Ishizuka, K.J. This will include some microbiology (single-celled organisms) but is more focused on multi-cellular life (such as Daphnia and plankton), invertebrates (insects, molluscs, etc. Pascual-Anaya J, Sato I, Sugahara F, Higuchi S, Paps J, Ren Y, et al. Endostyle - Wikiwand BIBLIOGRAPHY Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Under the circumstances of a lack of organ transcriptomic data from, As the selected result (genes with distinct functional annotation) showed (, To probe the general correlation between the endostyle and the organs in advanced species, a comprehensive cross-species expression profile similarity analysis between the endostyle and organs from, The expression of OSGs in organs and tissues of advanced species may reflect the evolutionary lineage of homolog organ functions in animals [, As the anatomy adjacent location between the endostyle and the pharynx sac possessing gill slit, a transcriptional-profile-based organ functional comparison was conducted between the endostyle of, The endostyle was also believed to possess an immune function in previous reports [, As a pharyngeal organ with generally believed filter-feeding and thyroid hormone synthesis capacity, multiple potential functions that are homolog to other organs of advanced animal have long been a target of potential functional research of the endostyle.
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what is endostyle in zoology 2023