Jude is the only book given entirely to the great apostasy. He describes in vivid terms the opponents he warns of, calling them "clouds without rain", "trees without fruit", "foaming waves of the sea", and "wandering stars". 2000. vol. Judes letter is a polemical letter warning the believers to avoid false teachers. "Rejecting authority" may be a reference to Paul's preaching that gentiles did not need to comply with Jewish Law. What was a little cloud the size of a mans hand in Judes day is, in our day, a storm of hurricane proportionsbecause we are in the apostasy of which he foretold. Israel Tour with Frank Turek and Eli Shukron, The Historical Reliability of the Gospels, I Still Dont Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist, Articles on Intelligent Design / Evolution, https://bellatorchristi.com/2017/08/23/who-wrote-the-letters-of-peter/, A Simple Reason Why The Quran Cannot Be The Word of God, Why the Gospel of Thomas isnt in the Bible. Copyright 2020 HarperCollins Publishers. 30 Guthrie, along with Wand, goes so far as to identify the area as Syrian-Antioch (NTI, pp. [48] However, no extant copies of the Assumption of Moses contain this story, leading most scholars to conclude the section covering this dispute has been lost perhaps a lost ending, since a story involving Moses's body would logically occur at the end. The epistle fiercely condemns the opponents it warns of and declares that God will judge and punish them, despite them being a part of the Christian community. The letter was eventually accepted as part of the canon by later Church Fathers such as Athanasius of Alexandria. Additional information can also be found in a study of the genealogy of Mary and the genealogy of Joseph reveals that Judah died long before Mary was born. It would match the place where many apostles ministered, A. 29 Guthrie writes that Jude seems to have an, apparent acquaintance with certain specific people whom he knows to have crept into the church by guile and whose behaviour is so vividly portrayed that it suggests first-hand acquaintance with the false teachers too (NTI, p. 916). Most theologians say that this Jude was the step brother of Jesus. Is the NT True?, Theology and Christian Apologetics, Uncategorized | 0 comments. Didache, ii.7 and Jude 22f; Didache, iii.6 and Jude 8-10. Pursue a deeper knowledge of God through self-paced college- and seminary-level online courses in Old and New Testament studies, theology, biblical Greek, and more. Thus Jesus had brothers named Judas and James. And His sisters, are they not all with us? Who wrote the book? Korah (or Core), Old Testament troublemaker (Num. How can you participate in defending the truth from error? Most scholars believe Jude was the half-brother of Jesus. Since Jude deals with false teachings that had entered the church, one would think that a later date would be more feasible. A careful study as to why are thegenealogical records for Jesus different in Matthew and Luke will reveal that this Judah died about the time of Ahaz. InterVarsity Press. Part of Jude is very similar to 2 Peter (mainly 2 Peter chapter 2); so much so that most scholars agree that either one letter used the other directly, or they both drew on a common source. 44 Later he writes, The letter offers a theological description of the phenomenon of heresy rather than attacking a specific historical form of error. Book of Jude Overview - Insight for Living Ministries Ancient Christian Commentary. F. If Antioch is the location of the letter (which is very speculative but a considered judgment): 1. God's Son lives in and among them. A. [21] He exhorts believers to remember the words spoken by the Apostles, using language similar to the second epistle of Peter to answer concerns that the Lord seemed to tarry: "In the last time there will be scoffers, indulging their own ungodly lusts,"[22] and to keep themselves in God's love,[23] before delivering a doxology to God. Whereas the gospels record his name as Judas, English translations shorten it to Judeprobably for the same reason no one in the present day wants to name a child Judas, because of the association it has with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Jesus. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. History tells us that this Judas, named Thaddaeus, was martyred in Persia or Armenia. [37] Another possibility is that this specifically referred to rejecting the authority of Jesus or God, which would agree with verse 4 and be reinforcing the claim that these opponents are not true Christians. Please contact us or click here to learn more about how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Only after the crucifixion and resurrection did the scales fall from Judes eyes and he become a follower of his half-brother, Jesus. 85 A.D., from (?) The one bit of their potential ideology discussed in the letter is that these opponents denigrate angels and their role. Among those who favor the authorship of the Jude mentioned in the gospels, the letter is generally placed before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD. Ancient Christian Commentary. This was bound to generate curiosity, and several later apocryphal books were written about him. Copyright Like The Master Ministries. Jeremiah 9:23-24. In the book of Joshua, the people of Israel seemed to want to follow the Lord and obey his commands. 1 John The First Letter of John was apparently addressed to a group of churches where "false prophets," denounced as Antichrist, denied the Incarnation of Jesus and caused a secession so substantial that the orthodox remnant was sadly depleted. Books and articles that equip you for deeply biblical thinking and ministry. Along with his brothers, Jude did not believe in the ministry of Jesus until after the resurrection (Jn. InterVarsity Press. 13:55; Mark 6:3, where "Judas" is the same in Greek as "Jude"). You'll find it helpful to keep that structure in mind as you read through the General Letters. Why is the book of Enoch not included in the Bible? 492-493). It seems that questions arose because of its use of apocryphal books2: 3. Jude, half-brother of Jesus, full brother of James (who wrote the Book of James), and author of the Book of Jude, 2. Jude appears to speak to a specific situation, so it is hardly the work of someone wanting to influence the whole Jesus movement. [11][10], The date of composition is not known, but is loosely speculated to be between the years 50 and 110. An alternative explanation is that Jude quotes the Book of Enoch aware that verses 1415 are an expansion of the words of Moses from Deuteronomy 33:2. Omissions? Martyrium Polycarpi xxi, with Jude 25; Phil. The are licentious, or lawless (4,7,16,18), b. 3. [27], The letter of Jude was one of the disputed books of the biblical canon of the New Testament. 13. 23.25 although here he argues against its canonicity. XI, p. 245. In Acts 9:11 we read about another, the fourth Judas in the New Testament. Jude, most likely the brother of James and half-brother of Jesus, wrote the book of Jude. Jude himself would thus have been 71 in the first year of Domitian. Stand up against error! in Rom iii.6 (see. And as he traveled on behalf of the gospeltelling the story in city after city with his name Judas butting up against that of Judas Iscariothe would stand as a living example of faithfulness, a stark contrast to the betrayer. Most of Paul's writings were written over a span of 15 years. 3. Christians need to defend the doctrines of the faith (v. False teachers may be identified by their immoral character (vv. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing. There is also no evidence that Jesus family made use of their relationship to Jesus. Eusebius of Caesarea. Fight for the truth! Verse 9 refers to a dispute between Michael the Archangel and the devil about the body of Moses. This book is totally given over to the subject of apostasy, listing examples of historical apostates, giving the causes, godless characteristics, tragic results of apostasy, and concluding with some safeguards against it. (See Lk. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [11] Later writings attributed to Paul such as Colossians and Ephesians go even further, with Colossians decrying the alleged worship of angels. Jude refers to two non-canonical books. This name can also be translated as Judas and Judah. 2 John Greeting. A final possibility is that the epistle is pseudepigrapha that the author intentionally hinted to readers that it was from the more famous Jude, but only as a false attribution to give the letter more authority. Clement of Alexandria12 (c. AD 150-215), 13. Jude is a short epistle written in Koine Greek. Similarities affirm some kind of literary relationship: a. Who Wrote The Letter of Jude? - Reading Acts Last month, we talked about the structure of New Testament letters. Jude confronts corrupt teachers who distort the message about his brother Jesus and lead others astray. According to Western scholars, the older sections of the Book of Enoch (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) date from about 300 BC and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably was composed at the end of the 1st century BC. The author struggles forcefully against heretics who deny God and Christ and attempts to strengthen his readers in their fight against such heresy that leads to wickedness and disorder. He admonishes us to contend for the faith, for there are tares among the wheat. In this video, Peter H. Davids discusses who wrote Jude: The date of the letter as a clueabout who wrote it. If thats the case, then theres an unknown ghostwriter at work. Both mention Sodom and Gomorrah (2 Pet. He is listed among the brothers and sisters of Jesus. Jesus himself may have been able to read, presumably in Hebrew, but he was also exceptional and the star of the family. Jude - Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James, To th And while the person Jude may have been known within the Palestinian Jesus movement, he was certainly not known outside of the area. Introduction to 1-3 John | ESV.org They include: Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, and Jude. 12. Thus there is little question but that Jude and the rest of Jesus brothers could function in Greek. 2 Peter 3:3)32, 2) The use of the future tense in 2 Peter to discuss the false teachers and the present tense in Jude suggests the priority of 2 Peter in that Jude experienced what Peter foresaw, but Peter did not always use the future tense33, 3) Judes borrowing from Peter (an apostle) is more understandable than for Peter to be borrowing from Jude (weak). Jude brings the teachings of the entire Bible about apostasy to a tremendous climax. Pseudo-Barnabas 3 (c. AD 70-130) 2. This is consistent with the fact that he also does not seem to have a problem with those he opposes over Christology, which is assumed rather than discussed, nor does he discuss church structure. For Instructors and School Administrators. Where did the Apostles die? He is to be differentiated from the Apostle Judas, the son of James ( Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13 ). It would fit a Jewish-Gentile audience, 2. The eight and last Ioudas, Judah, can be found in the genealogy of Jesus (Matthew 1:2). 1 a The elder to the elect lady and her children, b whom I love in truth, and not only I, but also all who c know d the truth, 2 e because of the truth that abides in us and will be with us forever:. The seven letters following Hebrews - James; 1,2 Peter; 1,2,3 John; Jude - have often been designated as the General Letters. After he betrayed Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26:47-56), he felt great remorse (Matthew 27:3). Assuming Peter wrote his letter first (AD 6466), Jude probably wrote his epistle sometime between AD 67 and 80. Paed. E. While it was true that verse three suggests that Christianity has been established enough to have an established body of doctrine25, it does not demand a late date for the letter: 1. Corrections? Jude is not quoting these books, but providing information provided to him by inspirationThis is very unlikely due to the close parallels between Jude and the books, especially the book of Enoch36, 2. It is the first of two New Testament books referring to Michael the archangel. He was the half-brother of Jesus and full brother of James (Matt. Jude is a short epistle written in Koine Greek. Both deal with his encounter with Satan (Jude 9; Rev. The Epistle of Jude[a] is the penultimate book of the New Testament as well as the Christian Bible. 6:3). This name can also be translated as Judas and Judah. The letter concludes with a typical doxology. Is not this the carpenters son? Therefore, although it is difficult to be certain, a view which supports a younger Jude, the distribution of apostolic writings, as well as a development of theology and false teachers may allow for a date which is somewhere between AD 65-80, A. Jude does not identify his audience in the book28, B. Epistle of Saint Jude | Catholic Answers First, we note that Jude refers to the faith in verses 3 and 20. . 6 Cf. Furthermore, in Galilee in general the trade language was Greek. [53][54], The Book of Enoch is not considered canonical by most churches, although it is by the Ethiopian Orthodox church. From this scant portrait, we begin to picture Jude as a man who lived in skepticism for a time but eventually came to a powerful faith in Jesus. Believers were to do this by remembering the teaching of the apostles, building each other up in the faith, praying in the Holy Spirit, and keeping themselves in the love of God (Jude 1:17, 2021). redirects here. 24, 25). But Jude reminds us that there is a time and a place for the aggressive protection of the truth from those who would seek to tear it down. An Introduction To The Book Of Jude Related Media I. Didymus of Alexandria15 (died, AD 394 or 399), B. The letter was written too late for Jude to have been its author, 1) But if the letter was written by the 90s Jude could still have been alive21, 2) Interpretative issues concerning the occasion of the epistle (e.g., the description of the heretics, the connection with Gnosticism, the references to the apostles) do not demand a late date since they could be understood in the first century, b. Verse one really reads so as to describe an unknown Jude as son of an unknown James22But such a view is unsupported by the textual evidence, and is improbable as a since the letter would not have gained suitable circulation unless it was identified with James of Jerusalem and pseudonymity was identified with well known figures, c. Jude was actually Jude the apostle called Judas of James (Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13), 1) However it is most probable to understand the phrase in Luke and Acts ( ) to mean Jude, the son of James rather than Jude the brother of James as Jude 1 reads, 2) However, the author of Jude does not seem to identify himself with the apostles, and actually sees the apostles as being apart from himself (17,18), d. Jude is the second-century bishop of Jerusalem and the phrase brother of James is an episcopal title at JerusalemHowever, there are no parallels to support this understanding, 4. Luke 3:30 (NASB). The author identifies himself as Jude ( v. 1 ), which is another form of the Hebrew name Judah (Greek "Judas"), a common name among the Jews. I use all as my study material. 38 Guthrie, NTI, p. 912. Who wrote the book of Jude? Thus, many have postulated a date between AD 65 and 80. The work Jude quotes is known as the book of Enoch (also as 1 Enoch, to distinguish it from two later Enochian books). Although the epistle claims to have been written by St. Jude the Apostle, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James (1:1), the authors identity is uncertain. Bede. The Roots Go Deep. Your browser does not support JavaScript. Its possible that an amanuensis helped him. Jude asks the reader to recall how even after the Lord saved his own people out of the land of Egypt, he did not hesitate to destroy those who fell into unbelief, much as he punished the angels who fell from their original exalted status and the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah. Some interpreters understand this reference to be an allusion to the events described in Zechariah 3:12. If his letter was written in 80 a. D. he would have been 70 years of age, and his grandsons about 20 (Jude, p. cxlviii). Also verse 17 may have reference to sayings which the apostles endorsed (Guthrie, NTI, p. 923). Suppl. 2. Amen. (vv. If the 7 to 10 CE birth is accurate, then Jude, about whom there is no tradition of martyrdom, could have lived to 90 CE and still only have been eightyold for those days, but not an unknown age. Second, Matthew 13:55 records the names of the brothers of Jesus as James and Judas. Decent Greek education was available in Galilee, but we do not know whether Jude was the exceptional peasant who somehow gained access to it. Jude is referring to apostolic predictions of scoffers who will arise in the Church, and there does not need to be a long period between prediction and fulfillment, 2. The namesake of 1 and 2 Samuel, Samuel was the last of the judges, one of the special leaders whom God raised up during this time period to rescue His people. 492-493. [10][18] Bart Ehrman suggests an even later date, in the second half of the second century, due to use of certain terminology in ways similar to the pastoral epistles that was uncommon in the first century.[11]. We are reminded of apostasy at the gate of Eden and within Gods ancient people Israel. [37] This would fit with the final part of the sentence of "heap abuse on celestial beings", but it is unusual that the singular is used. The common material focuses almost completely on the issue of false teachers, b. Peter emphasizes more positive teaching and Jude concentrates on denunciations, c. The two groups of false teachers are similar, but not identical. JUDE CHAPTER 1 KJV - King James Bible Online . We know nothing about Judes biography. He was called to be a disciple (Matthew 10:4;). Internal Evidence: Objections raised do not overturn the conclusion that Jude was the brother of James of Jerusalem and thus the half-brother of the Lord Jesus, 1. Who Wrote the Book of Jude? - Cross Examined Faith which was once for all delivered to the saints is indefinite as to its timing, 3. Among those who favor the authorship of an unknown Christian, it is assumed to be a work of the early second century. This could have been their plan (This community is mature enough; time to move on to a fresh area) or as part of necessity (We are getting out of town before they come for us). However, most references to the faith are found in later New Testament works, such as Acts 13:8 and 14:22, and Hebrews 4:14. It is clear that he was not alive at the time the book of Jude was written since he died about 1860 B.C. Let's find out. Some wrote hand-to-mouth in abject poverty. Several theories have been proposed. Jesus is presented in our literature as the son of a Galilean peasant, a landless artisan. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Jude is the only book in all Gods Word entirely devoted to the great apostasy which is to come upon Christendom before the Lord Jesus Christ returns. Is not His mother called Mary, and His brothers, James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. Judes Appeal: Contend for the Faith (vv. The letter appeals to Christians to contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints (1:3) and to be on their guard against people who pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ (1:4). The second Judas to be considered was also one of the twelve disciples (Mark 3:18; Luke 6:16). It may match the possible pattern of Jude ministering like James in the Palestine area, 3. 10. 5. The beginning of the age of the Church is described in the Acts of the Apostles. References to apocryphal literature, however, may have contributed to a 3rd-century dispute about the letters authenticity, but its canonical status in the early church is nonetheless well attested. First Corinthians 9:5 offers a tantalizing piece of information, noting that the Lords brothers and their wives took missionary Eusebius of Caesarea. Since the man had died long before Mary was born, this man could not have written the book of Jude. [37] A third possibility is that this is the singular of kyriottes (Dominions), a class of angels. Although Jude (Judas) was a common name in Palestine (at least 8 are named in the NT), the author of Jude generally has been accepted as Jude, Christ's half-brother. While the story is clearly apocryphal Roman emperors did not generally interrogate Galilean peasants it does suggest that early Christians remembered Jude's family as lower-class laborers, not literate elites. A common basis of belief existed from the first among all Christians, 2. This is a possible allusion to Jude. Jude | Commentary | Thomas Schreiner | TGCBC - The Gospel Coalition Balaam, false and greedy Old Testament prophet, here called an apostate for his attempts to curse the nation Israel (Num. 492-493). Jude differentiates himself from other leaders in the Jesus movement of the same nameJudah son of James (Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13) and of course Judah son of Simon Iscariot (John 6:71). A quick comparison of these two passages reveal that Mary had a son named Judas. How could the man Jude write the Greek of Jude? Jude has been called the Judges of the New Testament. 1. One can easily eliminate James the son of Zebedee because he was martyred early in church history (Acts 12:1-5). This James was probably the well known James of Jerusalem--the Lord Jesus Christs brother18, b. Jude is mentioned as among the brothers of the Lord in Mark 6:3 (cf. This, too . Eusebius of Caesarea refers to Jude as the brother of our Lord in two different places in his monumental work called the History of the Church. Please check errors and resubmit. Jude had ancient sources (an oral tradition just as the writer of 1 Enoch had) and the Spirit of God led him to use the inspired text, or to say what was true and reliable (e.g., Jude quotes the actual Enoch and not necessarily the book of 1 Enoch)But the extra-canonical books were regarded as containing much truth just as works like Chafers Theology or by Swindoll are regarded as valuable today even though they are not inspired; there is no reason to suppose that Jude has a source other than the extra-canonical ones, 3. There were many NT predictions of scoffers and Jude may have written after the apostolic writings had been well distributed (3,4,17,18), or he may be referring to Peters representative statement (2 Peter 3:3ff) as he writes to his same audience, 3. Know His Word | General Letters - Lifeway Women 1. We have few clues. The title "Enoch, the seventh from Adam" is also sourced from 1 En. Book of Jude - Read, Study Bible Verses Online These two passages also name a son called James. That is, Jesus had a brother named Judas. [30], The first historical record of doubts as to authorship are found in the writings of Origen of Alexandria, who spoke of the doubts held by some in the early third century. AUTHOR: Jude the brother of James and half brother of Jesus A. Jude may well have been one of those mentioned in 1 Corinthians 9:5 who engaged in itinerate preaching19, 3. Jude? Mayor writes, Jude, as we have seen, was apparently the youngest of the Brethren of the Lord, probably born not later than 10 A.D., if we accept the date of 6 B.C. Original Blog Source:http://bit.ly/2wOfpry. Introduction to Jude Timeline Author, Date, and Recipients The book was written by Jude, the brother of James and Jesus (see Matt. 44-45. Jude - Grace to You [49][50] Some scholars disagree; James Charlesworth argues that the Assumption of Moses never contained any such content, and other ancient Church writers supported a different origin. Yet, as anyone knows who has lived where there is a dominant group speaking one language and a nondominant group that has another language, but has learned to function in the language of the dominant group, being able to function practically in a second language does not mean literary skill in that language, even in a country with universal public education. The Epistle of Jude references at least three other books, with two (Book of Zechariah & 2 Peter) being canonical in all churches and the other (Book of Enoch) non-canonical in most churches. 22-24), 5. Acts 5:34-37 (NASB). It is possible that the group being referred to would have been obvious to the original recipients of the letter, but if a specific group was being referred to, knowledge of the details has since been lost. We do not know when his siblings (or cousins) were born, but if we allow that Mary (whichever Mary it may be) had a child approximately every two years (not unusual spacing for a woman who is breastfeeding each child for two or three years), that if the Mary was Mary of Cleopas she started childbearing about the same time as the Virgin Mary, and that mixed in among Jesus brothers were at least two sisters, Jude was probably born between 7 and 10 CE. One factor is the is the similarity between the two letters - virtually the entire book of Jude appears in 2 Peter, with the exception of the two allusions to non-biblical books. So, some might believe that these letter were written later by another Jude about whom we do not know too much. The most direct would be rejection of civil or ecclesiastical authority: the opponents were ignoring guidance from leaders. Thus, as literature, Jude has a distinctively Jewish flavor. One early Christian tradition states that Jude's grandchildren were brought before Emperor Domitian and interrogated; in the story, they defended themselves as not rebels and mere poor laborers eking out what they could from a single patch of land. for the Nativity. [7], Outside the book of Jude, a "Jude" is mentioned five times in the New Testament: three times as Jude the Apostle,[8] and twice as Jude the brother of Jesus[9] (aside from references to Judas Iscariot and Judah (son of Jacob)). 6:3). Jude was a younger, perhaps the youngest son of a peasant family, so it is unlikely that he received any education other than a practical education. Date of writing: Most date the book of Jude to AD 6080. Like most of the other general epistles, the title of this little book takes its name from its author. Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. Then it seemed good to the apostles and the elders, with the whole church, to choose men from among them to send to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas Judas called Barsabbas, and Silas, leading men among the brethren . Most scholars identify the writer as Jude the half-brother of Jesus for at least two reasons. Judes edgy brevity communicates the urgency of his notion that false teachers needed to be condemned and removed from the church. [4][5][6] For example, Saint Jerome believed that not only Mary but also Joseph were virgins their entire lives, and thus James and by extension Jude were cousins. b. The book of Hebrews is the only New Testament epistle whose author is unknown. [46][47] The classical theologian Origen, as well as Clement of Alexandria, Didymus the Blind, and others, attributes this reference to the non-canonical Assumption of Moses. He died when he was shot with arrows in Syria about A.D. 65. XI, p. 245. They were present (along with their mother Mary) in the Upper Room just prior to Pentecost (Acts 1:13). Introductions would typically refer to a father in the era, so the use of a brother suggests that this would only be done if the brother was famous within the community. Jude recognized that false teachers often peddled their wares unnoticed by the faithful, so he worked to heighten the awareness of the believers by describing in vivid detail how terrible dissenters actually were. Brian Chilton is the founder of BellatorChristi.com and is the host of The Bellator Christi Podcast. 14, 307). iii.8,44 with Jude 5,6; Strom. This verse captures the open words of a letter sent to Gentiles living in the city of Antioch that God would save Gentiles as well as Jews. The identity of Jude as the Lords brother would account for the authority with which he writes, and the regard which the letter gained in the Christian church. by Guest | Sep 24, 2017 | 4. Jude identifies himself as the brother of James ().We don't know a whole lot else about the life of Jude other than the fact he converted after Jesus ascended back into heaven. InterVarsity Press. 3.32.3. A slave had no status in society. . The Options are for priority can be argued with some convincing evidence in each direction, but they are not determinative: a. Jude is Prior: While there are several arguments31, the stronger ones are as follows: 1) Jude is shorter than 2 Peter so it may have preceded 2 Peter which was an enlargement of Jude (strong), 2) Jude approaches the problem of false teachers with greater spontaneity than 2 Peter which adds an introduction to the problem and does not seem to know the issue first hand (note the tenses of verbs; [not as strong]), 3) Jude is harsher than 2 Peter who may have toned down his offensive (weak), 4) Jude uses apocryphal books and 2 Peter does not (perhaps because he has excluded the references because of their unorthodox character [cf.
Directions To Rosemont California, 310 East Jones Street Savannah Ga, Off-site Parking Norfolk Airport, Turnkey Properties For Sale, Charitable Organization, Articles W